\section{Distribution Details}
\begin{frame}
   {Software Environment}

   \begin{itemize}
      \item Class material is designed for multiple
      environments
   \end{itemize}

   \begin{itemize}
      \item Focuses on three current major \textbf{Linux}
      distribution families:
      \begin{itemize}
         \item \textbf{Red Hat / Fedora}
         \item \textbf{OpenSUSE / SUSE}
         \item \textbf{Debian}
      \end{itemize}
   \end{itemize}

   \begin{info}
      The material in this section is aimed at courses which
      either require or strongly recommend they be run only on a
      \textbf{Linux}-based operating system.  Some courses can
      be run using any environment that has a browser and
      perhaps an \textbf{ssh} (secure shell) utility.  However,
      while in that case you can skip over this material, it is
      still recommended you absorb its information.
   \end{info}


\end{frame}

\cprotect\note{

   The material produced by the \textbf{Linux Foundation}
   is distribution-flexible. This means that technical
   explanations, labs and procedures should work on most
   modern distributions and we do not promote products
   sold by any specific vendor (although we may mention
   them for specific scenarios).

   In practice, most of our material is written with the
   three main \textbf{Linux} distribution families in mind:
   \textbf{Red Hat / Fedora}, \textbf{OpenSUSE / SUSE} and
   \textbf{Debian}. Distributions used by our students
   tend to be one of those three alternatives, or a
   product that's derived from them.

}


\begin{frame}
   {Which Distribution to Choose}

   \begin{itemize}
      \item Several factors to consider:
      \begin{itemize}
         \item Has your employer already standardized?
         \item Do you want to learn more?
         \item Do you want to certify?
      \end{itemize}
      \item You are encouraged to experiment with more than
      one distribution
   \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\cprotect\note{

   You should ask yourself several questions when
   choosing a new distribution. While there are many
   reasons that may force you to focus on one
   \textbf{Linux} distribution versus another, we
   encourage you to gain experience on all of them. You
   will quickly notice that technical differences are
   mainly about package management systems, software
   versions and file locations. Once you get a grasp of
   those differences it becomes relatively painless to
   switch from one \textbf{Linux} distribution to another.

   Some tools and utilities have vendor supplied front-ends,
   especially for more particular or complex reporting. The steps
   included in the text may need to be modified to run on a
   different platform.
}


\begin{frame}
   {Red Hat / Fedora Family}

   \begin{itemize}
   \item
     Current material based upon the latest releases of
     \textbf{Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)}.
   \item
     Supports \textbf{x86}, \textbf{x86-64},
     \textbf{Itanium}, \textbf{PowerPC} and \textbf{IBM
       System Z}
   \item
     RPM-based, uses \textbf{dnf} (or \textbf{yum}) to
     install and update
   \item
     Long release cycle; targets enterprise server
     environments
   \item
     Upstream for \textbf{CentOS} and \textbf{Oracle Linux}
   \item
     Downstream for \textbf{CentOS Stream}
     \begin{info}[CentOS Stream]
       \textbf{CentOS Stream} is used for demos and labs
       because it is available at no cost.
     \end{info}
   \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\cprotect\note {

  \textbf{Fedora} is the community distribution that forms
  the basis of \textbf{Red Hat Enterprise Linux},
  \textbf{CentOS}, and \textbf{Oracle
    Linux}. \textbf{Fedora} contains significantly more
  software than \textbf{Red Hat}'s enterprise version. One
  reason for this is a diverse community is involved in
  building \textbf{Fedora}; it is not just one company.

  The \textbf{Fedora} community produces new versions every
  six months or so. For this reason, we decided to
  standardize the \textbf{Red Hat / Fedora} part of the
  course material on the latest version of
  \textbf{CentOS/CentOS Stream}, which provides much longer
  release cycles. Once installed, \textbf{CentOS Stream} is
  also very close to to \textbf{Red Hat Enterprise Linux}
  (\textbf{RHEL}), which is the most popular \textbf{Linux}
  distribution in enterprise environments.

  \begin{info}[CentOS and CentOS Stream]
    \begin{itemize}
    \item
      \textbf{CentOS} historically has been basically a copy
      of \textbf{RHEL} with some time delay after updates.
    \item
      \textbf{CentOS Stream} gets updates \textbf{before}
      \textbf{RHEL}, but otherwise is quite close to it.
      Thus newer features will be absorbed quicker.
    \item
      \textbf{Red Hat} is ending support for \textbf{CentOS
        8} at the end of 2021.  Thus, this course is now
      tested with the \textbf{CentOS Stream} distribution;
      any variance from \textbf{CentOS 8} or \textbf{RHEL 8}
      will be minor and should not even be noticeable.
    \end{itemize}
  \end{info}

}

\begin{frame}
   {OpenSUSE Family}

   \begin{itemize}
      \item Current material based upon the latest release
      of \textbf{OpenSUSE} and
      should work well with later versions.
      \item RPM-based, uses \textbf{zypper} to install and update.
      \item \textbf{YaST} available for administration purposes
      \item \textbf{x86} and
      \textbf{x86-64}
      \item Upstream for \textbf{SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES)}
   \end{itemize}
   \begin{info}
      \textbf{OpenSUSE} is used for
      demos and labs because it is available at no cost.
   \end{info}

\end{frame}

\cprotect\note {

   The relationship between \textbf{OpenSUSE} and
   \textbf{SUSE Linux Enterprise Server} is similar to
   the one we just described between \textbf{Fedora} and
   \textbf{Red Hat Enterprise Linux}. In this case,
   however, we decided to use \textbf{OpenSUSE} as
   the reference distribution for the \textbf{OpenSUSE}
   family due to the difficulty of obtaining a free
   version of \textbf{SUSE Linux Enterprise Server}. The
   two products are extremely similar and material that
   covers \textbf{OpenSUSE} can typically be applied to
   \textbf{SUSE Linux Enterprise Server} with no problem.

}


\begin{frame}
   {Debian Family}

   \begin{itemize}
      \item Commonly used on both servers and desktop
      \item \textbf{DPKG}-based, use \textbf{apt} and front-ends
      for installing and updating
      \item Upstream for \textbf{Ubuntu}, \textbf{Linux
         Mint} and others
      \item Current material based upon the latest release
      of \textbf{Ubuntu} and
      should work well with later versions.
      \item \textbf{x86} and
      \textbf{x86-64}
      \begin{itemize}
         \item Long Term Release (LTS)
      \end{itemize}
   \end{itemize}
   \begin{info}
      \textbf{Ubuntu} is used for
      demos and labs because it is available at no cost,
      as is \textbf{Debian}, but has a wider
      base with new \textbf{Linux} users.
   \end{info}


\end{frame}

\cprotect\note {

   The \textbf{Debian} distribution is the upstream for
   several other distributions including \textbf{Ubuntu},
   \textbf{Linux Mint} and others. \textbf{Debian} is a
   pure open source project and focuses on a key aspect:
   stability. It also provides the largest and most
   complete software repository to its users.

   \textbf{Ubuntu} aims at providing a good compromise
   between long term stability and ease of use. Since
   \textbf{Ubuntu} gets most of its packages from
   \textbf{Debian}'s unstable branch, \textbf{Ubuntu}
   also has access to a very large software
   repository. For those reasons, we decided to use
   \textbf{Ubuntu} as the reference \textbf{Debian}-based
   distribution for our lab exercises.

}


\begin{frame}
   {New Distribution Similarities}
   \begin{itemize}
      \item
      Current trends and changes to the distributions
      have reduced some of the differences between the
      distributions.
      \begin{itemize}
         \item
         \textbf{systemd}, system startup and service management
         \item
         \textbf{journald}, manage system logs
         \item
         \textbf{firewalld}, firewall management daemon
         \item
         \textbf{ip}, network display and configuration tool
      \end{itemize}
      \begin{info}
         Since these utilities are common
         across distributions, the lecture and lab information
         will be mostly based on them.

         If your choice of distribution or release does not
         support these commands, please translate accordingly.
      \end{info}
   \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\cprotect\note{
   \textbf{systemd} is used by the most common distributions
   replacing the \textbf{SysVinit} and \textbf{Upstart} packages.
   Replaces \textbf{service} and \textbf{chkconfig} commands.

   \textbf{journald} is a \textbf{systemd} service that collects
   and stores logging data. It creates and maintains structured,
   indexed journals based on logging information that is received
   from a variety of sources. Depending on the distribution text based
   system logs may be replaced.

   \textbf{firewalld} provides a
   dynamically managed firewall with support for network/firewall
   zones to define the trust level of network connections
   or interfaces. It has support for IPv4, IPv6 firewall settings
   and for ethernet bridges. This replaces the \textbf{iptables}
   configurations.

   The \textbf{ip} program is part of the
   \textbf{net-tools} package and is designed to be a replacement
   for the \textbf{ifconfig} command. The \textbf{ip} command
   will show or manipulate routing, network devices, routing
   information and tunnels.

   These documents may be of some assistance translating older commands
   to their \textbf{systemd} counterparts:

   \url{https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/SysVinit_to_Systemd_Cheatsheet}

   \url{https://wiki.debian.org/systemd/CheatSheet}

   \url{https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Cheat_sheet_13.1#Services}
}
\begin{frame}
   {AWS Free Tier}

   \begin{itemize}
      \item
      \textbf{Amazon Web Services} (\textbf{AWS}) offers a wide
      range of virtual machine products (\textbf{instances}) which
      remote users can access in the cloud.
      \item
      In particular, one can use their \textbf{Free Tier}
      account level for up to a year and the simulated
      hardware and software choices available may be all one
      needs to perform the exercises for \textbf{Linux
         Foundation} training courses and gain experience
      with \textbf{Linux}. Or they may furnish a very
      educational supplement to working on local hardware,
      and offer opportunities to easily study more than one
      \textbf{Linux} distribution. Please download our guide
      to help you experiment with the \textbf{AWS} free tier
      from
      \url{https://training.linuxfoundation.org/cm/prep/aws.pdf}.
      \item
      Note that \textbf{AWS} will not give access to the
      console and will not present a Graphical interface, so
      you will not be able to perform tasks which require
      either of these facilities.  Furthermore, for
      kernel-level courses there are some particular
      challenges.



   \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\cprotect\note{

}

